The Formation of Republic of Singapore under Lee Kuan Yew.
A Benevolent Dictatorship
Benevolent Dictatorship - A dictatorship in which an authoritarian leader had absolute power but is shown to exercise it in regard for benefit of his people, contrasting the stereotype of a malevolent dictator. Examples of these include Josip Broz Titos of Yugoslavia, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk of Turkey and
Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore.
Lee Kuan Yew, known by his initials as LKY and known as 'Harry Lee' to his old comrades and English friends grew up in hardship in British-governed Singapore and resisted against Japanese occupation. Through times of hardship, he see it fit that Singapore should no longer be ruled by foreigners but by Singaporeans themselves.
My fellow countrymen.. MERDEKA (INDEPENDENCE)! Once more with pride! MERDEKA!
He co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP) and became its first general secretary. In 1959, he became the first Prime Minister of Singapore after his political party won a landslide election and had made initiative to merge his nation with Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak to form the Malaysian Federation. Unfortunately, this resulted in racial tensions and political conflict which led from the expulsion of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965. On that day, LKY was remembered for his quote regarding the independence of Republic of Singapore.
For me, it would be a moment of anguish. I mean for me, it is a moment of anguish because all my life….you see the whole of my adult life…. I have believed in Merger and the unity of the two territories. You know it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.
Thus, the Republic of Singapore was formed.
Singapore had many threats ever since its independence including being attacked by Indonesian military or being forcibly reabsorbed into Malaysia on disadvantageous terms. The need for international recognition was dire. LKY immediately sought to establish national security with the appointment of Goh Keng Swee as defense minister and quickly built up the Singaporean Armed Forces with help of Israel and Taiwan for military training and advice. in 1967, conscription was made compulsory for all Singaporean male citizens 18 and above. Some of these divisions went on to train in Taiwan. To this day, national service is still compulsory and has made a profound impact on the Singapore youth.
Economically, LKY's urgent task is to address the high unemployment rate of Singaporean citizens. Through trial and error, foreign investments of multinational corporations were necessary and LKY established First World infrastructures to woo American, European and Japanese entrepreneurs. Establishment of several production and service industries boomed over the nation of Singapore. Workers were retrained to familiarize themselves with the foreign work systems. LKY's meritocratic values were applied to Singaporean citizens, allowing them to become professionally-trained and hard workers allowing them to pursue sound macroeconomic policies and stabilization of the Singaporean Dollar.
Socially, he made meritocracy and multi-racialism as governing principles and made English as the national language to integrate immigrant workers and to initiate diplomacy with the Western world while mandated bilingualism schools to preserve the cultures on each races. He also did this because he did not want the world to know his nation as the 'Third China'. In fact, he did not establish official relations with China until early 1990s due to the fear of rising communism and domestic political considerations.
The criticism he received is that he suppressed political opponents and civil media but he had argued for such disciplinary measures to ensure political stability, together with rule of law in favour of economic progression. His autocratic rule can be summed up by his quote
Anybody who decides to take me on needs to put on knuckle-dusters. If you think you can hurt me more than I can hurt you, try. There is no other way you can govern a Chinese society
His legacy of governing Singapore had caused the nation to rise from a third-world country to a first-world country in a single generation and one of the most developed nation in Asia. He stepped down in 1990 in favor of democratic elections as his succeeded by Goh Chok Tong to a more advisory role as a Senior Minister til 2004 and finally as a Minister Mentor til 2011
Unemployment rate dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990.
Literacy rate from 52% in 1959 to 90% in 1990
External trade from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990
Gross National Product from $1,240 in 1959 to %18,437 in 1990
His leadership had even influenced the leadership in China, especially Deng Xiaoping who followed in his works of emulating policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and subtle suppression of dissent. Over 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. Former British Prime Ministers such as Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair praised LKY's leadership
Sadly, his time finally came as he passed away on 23rd March 2015 at the age of 91. 1.7 million residents and guests paid tribute to him at the Parliament House and tribute sites around Singapore.
Personally, one of my favorite political figures. A very charismatic and meritocratic figure, raised in the difficult times of Singapore pre and post-independence. He has once stated that the only natural resource that Singapore has to offer is its hardworking society. While some do not agree with his autocratic rule, it was definitely in my opinion the right man for the right role of leadership in Singapore in its difficult and struggling times.
since you were talking about Singapore the other day.